Tom Johnstone
I
am undertaking research into the neural basis of emotion and
cognition at the Waisman
Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior. My research focuses on
understanding the interaction between cognitive and affective
processes using fMRI in conjunction with cognitive experimental
techniques. My principal research question is how subcortical,
prefrontal and sensory cortex interact in the perception
and production of expressive behaviour. This represents an
extension of my Ph.D. work on the acoustic
and physiological basis of emotional prosody. I am also involved
in two longitudinal studies of the neural changes associated with
treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression. In these
studies we are specifically interested in the top-down cortical
regulation of subcortical neural circuits, and the consequences of
regulatory failure in terms of autonomic, behavioural and subjective
outcomes.
My methodological research entails the development of
efficient experimental designs and analysis procedures for a large
variety of FMRI experiments in the Waisman Laboratory. In connection
with ongoing longitudinal studies of affective disorders, I am
studying the test-retest
reliability of FMRI measures of brain activation over extended
periods. I am a co-investigator on an NIMH-funded project to compare
and quantify the function and performance of the most widely
used software packages for FMRI data analysis (click
here to see a PDF of the presentation made at the NIMH in May 2003).
This project included the collection of a database of FMRI data from
40 experimental participants performing a number of different
affective and cognitive tasks.
Contact
Information
itjohnstone@facstaff.wisc.edu
Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior
1500
Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705.
tel : +1 608 263 2743
fax
: +1 608 265 8737
Research
Interests
Cognition and emotion interaction
Neural basis of the expression and perception of emotion
FMRI
experimental design, signal processing and data analysis techniques
Quantifying the test-retest reliability of fMRI data
Speech
signal analysis tailored to psychological research on nonlinguistic
aspects of speech and voice
Links
to design and analysis resources
Analysis
of fMRI data with AFNI: Fundamental steps
Analysis
of fMRI data with AFNI: Connectivity analyses
Eprime
experimental control software
Publications
& presentations
Edited Book
Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T.
(2001). Appraisal
processes in emotion: Theory, Methods, Research. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Book Chapters
Norris,
C. J., Coan, J. A., & Johnstone, T. (2007). Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging and the Study of Emotion. In J.A. Coan & J. A.
Allen (Eds.), Handbook
of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment (pp.
440-459). New
York: Oxford University Press.
Scherer,
K. R., Johnstone, T. & Klasmeyer, G. (2003). Vocal expression of
emotion. In R. J. Davidson, H. Goldsmith, K. R. Scherer (Eds.).
Handbook
of the Affective Sciences (pp.
433-456). New York: Oxford
University Press.
Johnstone,
T., van Reekum, C. M., & Scherer, K. R. (2001).Vocal correlates
of appraisal processes. In K.R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T.
Johnstone (Eds.). Appraisal
processes in emotion: Theory, Methods, Research (pp.
271-284). New York: Oxford
University Press.
Johnstone,
T. & Scherer, K. R. (2000). Vocal Communication of Emotion. In M.
Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.). Handbook
of Emotions, Second Edition (pp.
220-235). New York:
Guilford Press.
Articles
Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C. M., Urry,
H. L., Kalin, N., & Davidson, R.
J. Failure to regulate: Counter-productive recruitment of
top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression.
Journal of Neuroscience, in press.
Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C. M.,
Bänziger, T., Hird, K., Kirsner, K., Scherer, K. R. The
effects of gain versus loss and difficulty on vocal physiology and
acoustics. Psychophysiology, in press.PREPRINT
PDF
Salomons, T. V., Johnstone, T.,
Backonja, M. M., Davidson, R. J. (2007). Individual
Differences in the Effects of Perceived Controllability on Pain
Perception: Critical Role of the Prefrontal Cortex. Journal of
Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 993-1003.PDF
van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Urry,
H. L., Thurow, M. T., Schaefer, H. S., Alexander, A. L., &
Davidson, R. J. (2007). Gaze
fixations predict brain activation during the voluntary regulation of
picture-induced negative affect. Neuroimage, 36, 1041-1055.PDF
Oakes, T.
R., Fox, A. S., Johnstone, T., Chung, M., Kalin, N., & Davidson,
R. J. (2007). Integrating
VBM into the general linear model with voxelwise anatomical
covariates. Neuroimage,
34, 500-508.PDF
van
Reekum, C. M., Urry, H. L., Johnstone, T., Thurow, M. E., Frye, C.
J., Jackson, C. A., Schaefer, H. S., Alexander, A. L., &
Davidson, R. J. (2007). Individual
differences in amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity
are associated with evaluation speed and psychological well-being.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,
19, 237-248.PDF
Johnstone,
T., van Reekum, C. M., Oakes, T. R. & Davidson, R. J. (2006). The
voice of emotion: An FMRI study of neural responses to angry and
happy vocal expressions.
Social, Cognitive and
Affective Neuroscience, 1(3), 242-249.PDF
Johnstone,
T., Ores Walsh, K. S., Greischar, L. L., Alexander, A. L., Fox, A.
S., Davidson, R. J., & Oakes, T. R. (2006). Motion
correction and the use of motion covariates in multiple-subject fMRI
analysis. Human Brain
Mapping, 27, 779-788.PDF
Urry, H.
L., van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Kalin, N. H., Thurow, M. E.,
Schaefer, H. S., Jackson, C. A., Frye, C. J., Greischar, L. L.,
Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2006). Amygdala
and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during
regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of
cortisol secretion among older adults. Journal
of Neuroscience, 26,4415-4425.PDF
Supporting
Info.
Nacewicz,
B.M., Dalton, K.M., Johnstone, T., Long, M., McAuliff, E.M., Oakes,
T.R., Alexander, A.L. & Davidson, R.J. (2006). Amygdala
Volume and Nonverbal Social Impairment in Adolescent and Adult Males
with Autism. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 63, 1417-1428.PDF
Johnstone,
T., van Reekum, C. M., Hird, K., Kirsner, K., Scherer, K. R. (2005).
Affective
speech elicited with a computer game.
Emotion, 5, 513-518.PDF
Johnstone,
T., Somerville, L. H., Alexander, A. L., Oakes, T. R., Davidson, R.
J., Kalin, N. H., & Whalen, P. J. (2005). Stability
of Amygdala BOLD Response to Fearful Faces over Multiple Scan
Sessions. Neuroimage,
25, 1112-1123.PDF
Oakes,
T.R., Johnstone, T., Ores Walsh, K.S., Greischar, L.L, Alexander,
A.L., Fox, A.S., & Davidson, R.J. (2005).
Comparison of fMRI motion correction
software tools. Neuroimage,
28, 529-543.PDF
Rosenkranz,
M. A., Busse, W. W., Johnstone, T., Swenson, C. A., Crisafi, G. M.,
Jackson, M. M., Bosch, J. A., Sheridan, J. F., & Davidson, R. J.
(2005). Neural
circuitry underlying the interaction between emotion and asthma
symptom exacerbation.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102,
13319-13324.
Dalton,
K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher,
M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., Alexander, A. L. & Davidson, R. J.
Gaze-fixation
and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism.
Nature Neuroscience, 8,
519-526.PDF
Whalen,
P. J., Kagan, J., Cook, R. G., Davis, C., Kim, H., Polis, S.,
McLaren, D. G., Somerville, L. H., McLean, A. A., Maxwell, J. S.,
Johnstone, T. (2004). Human
Amygdala Responsivity to Masked Fearful Eye Whites.
Science, 306, 2061.PDF
Supporting
Info.
Kim, H.,
Somerville, L.H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., Alexander, A.L., Shin,
L.M., & Whalen, P.J. Contextual
modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,
16, 1730-1745.PDF
Salomons,
T.V., Johnstone, T., Backonja, M-M., Davidson, R.J. Perceived
Controllability Modulates the Neural Response to Pain.
Journal of Neuroscience, 24,
7199-7203.PDF
Somerville,
L. H., Kim, H., Johnstone, T., Alexander, A., & Whalen, P. J.
(2004). Human
amygdala response during presentation of happy and neutral faces:
Correlations with state anxiety. Biological
Psychiatry, 55, 897-903.PDF
Kim, H.,
Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Alexander, A., & Whalen, P. J.
(2004). Inverse
amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces.
Neuroreport, 14, 2317-2322.PDF
van
Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Banse, R., Etter, A., Wehrle, T., &
Scherer, K. R. (2004). Psychophysiological
Responses to Appraisal Dimensions in a Computer Game.
Cognition and Emotion, 18, 663-688.
Kim, H.,
Somerville, L. H., McClean, A. A., Johnstone, T., Shin, L. M., &
Whalen, P. J. (2003). Functional
MRI Responses of the Human Dorsal Amygdala/Substantia Innominata
Region to Facial Expressions of Emotion. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci., 985, 533-535.
Karlsson,
I., Bänziger, T., Dankovicová, J., Johnstone, T.,
Lindberg, J., Melin, H., Nolan, F., & Scherer, K.R. (2000).
Speaker
verification with elicited speaking-styles. Speech
Communication, 31, 121-129.
Selected Conference Presentations
Johnstone, T., Oakes, T., Ores-Walsh, K.
(2006). GLM analysis of fMRI data: a comparison of software tools and
methods. Presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the
Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Florence.
Johnstone, T., Alexander, A. L., Ores,
K. S., Oakes, T. R. (2005). WINTER: Wisconsin Neuroimaging Tools
Evaluation Resource. Presented at the 11th Annual Meeting of the
Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Toronto.
Johnstone, T., Ores, K. S., Oakes, T. R.
(2004). Task-related modulation of amygdala response to emotional
expressions. Presented at the 10th Annual Meeting of the
Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Budapest.
Oakes, T. R., Ores, K. S., Johnstone,
T., Alexander, A. L., Fox, A. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2004).
Comparison of fMRI Motion Corrections Using Realistic Synthetic Data.
Presented at the 10th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human
Brain Mapping, Budapest.
Johnstone, T., Somerville, L. H.,
Nitschke, J. B., Alexander, A. L., Davidson, R. J., Kalin, N. H.,
Whalen, P. J. (2003). Stability of Amygdala Response to Fearful Faces
over Multiple Scan Sessions. Presented at the 9th Annual Meeting
of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York.
Somerville, L. H., Kim, H., McLaren, D.
G., Johnstone, T., Whalen, P. J. (2003). State Anxiety Correlates
with Human Amygdala Response During Presentation of Happy and Neutral
Faces. Presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Organization for
Human Brain Mapping, New York.
Johnstone, T., Whalen, P. J., Nitschke,
J. B., Somerville, L. H., Ihde-Scholl, T., Tarleton, L. C., Seman, L.
M., Davidson, R. J., & Kalin, N. H. (2002). Amygdala activation
to fearful facial expressions in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
Presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society for
Neuroscience, Orlando.
Kim, J. H., Somerville, L. H., McLean,
A. A., Johnstone, T., Shin, L. M., & Whalen, P. J (2002).
Functional MRI responses of the human dorsal and ventral amygdaloid
regions to facial expressions of emotion. Presented at the 32nd
Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Orlando.
Schaefer, H. S., Larson, C. L.,
Johnstone, T., Davidson, R. J. (2002). Overlapping yet distinct
networks implicated in normal versus pathological human fear.
Presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society for
Neuroscience, Orlando.
Nitschke, J. B., Johnstone, T., Possin,
A. A., Mackiewicz, K. L., Somerville, L. H., Schaefer, H. S., Whalen,
P. J., Seman, L. M., Kalin, N. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2002).
Altered fMRI responses to the anticipation of and exposure to
aversion in generalized anxiety disorder. Presented at the 32nd
Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Orlando.
Johnstone, T. & Scherer, K. R.
(2000). Acoustic analysis of experimentally induced emotional speech.
Proceedings of the XIth conference of the International Society
for Research in Emotions, Québec.
Johnstone, T. & Scherer, K.R.
(2000). The effects of emotion on physiology and voice. Presented
at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological
Research, San Diego.
Scherer, K. R., Johnstone, T.,
Klasmeyer, G., & Bänziger, T. (2000).Can automatic speaker
verification be improved by training the algorithms on emotional
speech? Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Spoken
Language Processing ICSLP2000, Beijing, China.
Johnstone, T. & Scherer, K. R.
(1999). The
effects of emotions on voice quality. Proceedings of the XIVth
International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
Karlsson I, Banziger T, Dankovicová
J, Johnstone T, Lindberg J, Melin H, Nolan F & Scherer K. (1998).
Within-speaker variability due to speaking manners. Proceedings of
ICSLP98, International Conference on Spoken Language Processing,
Sydney, Australia.
Scherer, K. R., Johnstone, T., &
Bänziger, T. (1998). Automatic verification of emotionally
stressed speakers: The problem of individual differences. Proceedings
of the International Workshop on Speech and Computer, St.
Petersburg.
Scherer, K. R., Johnstone, T., &
Sangsue, J. (1998). L'état
émotionnel du locuteur: facteur négligé mais non
négligeable pour la technologie de la parole. Actes des
XXIIèmes Journées d'Etudes sur la Parole, Martigny.
Karlsson I, Banziger T, Dankovicová
J, Johnstone T, Lindberg J, Melin H, Nolan F & Scherer K (1998).
Within speaker variation due to induced stress. In: Branderud P &
Traunmüller H (eds). Proc of Fonetik -98, The Swedish
Phonetics Conference, Stockholm University, May 27-29, 1998;
150-153.
I. Karlsson, I., Bänziger, T.,
Dankovicová, J., Johnstone, T., Lindberg, J., Melin, H.,
Nolan, F., & Scherer, K.R. (1998). Speaker
verification with elicited speaking-styles in the Verivox project.
Proceedings of IEEE/ESCA Workshop on Speaker Recognition and its
Commercial and Forensic Applications, Avignon.
van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., &
Scherer, K. R. (1997). Multimodal measurement of emotion induced by
the manipulation of appraisals in a computer game. Presented at the
3rd European Congress of Psychophysiology, Konstanz.
Johnstone, I. T. (1996).
Emotional speech elicited using computer games.Proceedings of
the 4th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 3,
1985-1988.
Johnstone, I. T. and Scherer, K. R.
(1995). Spectral
Measurement of Voice Quality in Opera Singers: The Case of
Gruberova.Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of
Phonetic Sciences, 1, 218-221.
Johnstone, I. T., Banse, R. and Scherer,
K. R. (1995). Acoustic
Profiles from Prototypical Vocal Expressions of Emotion.
Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic
Sciences, 4, 2-5.